Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis : report of a WHO Expert Committee / World Health Organization.

"A WHO Expert Committee on the Control and Surveillance of human African Trypanosomiasis met in Geneva from 22 to 26 April 2013"--page ix.

Includes bibliographical references.

Machine generated contents note: 2.1. Two diseases, two parasites, two epidemiological patterns -- 2.2. Transmission cycle -- 2.2.1. Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.2.2. Rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.3. Reservoirs of infection -- 2.3.1. Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.3.2. Rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.4. Risk factors for infection -- 2.4.1. Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.4.2. Rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.5. Trends in numbers of cases reported -- 2.5.1. Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.5.2. Rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 2.6. Geographical distribution and population at risk -- 2.7. Global environmental change -- 2.8. References -- 3.1. Taxonomy of human infectious African trypanosomes -- 3.2. Morphology and cell structure -- 3.3. Life-cycle -- 3.4. The Trypanosoma brucei genome -- 3.5. Immune evasion -- 3.6. Biochemistry and modes of drug action

3.7. Drug resistance -- 3.8. References -- 4.1. Classification -- 4.1.1. Subgenus Nemorhina -- 4.1.2. Subgenus Glossina s. str. -- 4.1.3. Subgenus Austenina -- 4.2. Reproductive system -- 4.3. Reproduction -- 4.4. Lifespan and population dynamics -- 4.5. Diet -- 4.6. Geographical distribution of the main vector species -- 4.6.1. Vector species of the Nemorhina subgenus -- 4.6.2. Vector species of the Glossina s. str. subgenus -- 4.6.3. Vector species of the Austenina subgenus -- 4.7. Tsetse flies in their natural environment -- 4.7.1. Main habitats -- 4.7.2. Movements -- 4.7.3. Looking for hosts -- 4.7.4. Feeding preferences -- 4.7.5. Activity cycles -- 4.7.6. Dispersal -- 4.7.7. Resting places -- 4.8. Population genetics and geometric morphometrics -- 4.9. Genomics of tsetse flies -- 4.10. Tsetse flies as cyclical vectors -- 4.11. Vector control strategies -- 4.11.1. Control -- 4.11.2. Eradication -- 4.11.3. Preliminary surveys -- 4.12. Tsetse fly control methods -- 4.12.1. Bush clearing -- 4.12.2. Elimination of wild animal hosts

4.12.3. Biological control of tsetse flies -- 4.12.4. Autonomous control of tsetse flies -- 4.12.5. Indigenous tsetse fly control practices -- 4.12.6. Ground and aerial insecticide spraying -- 4.12.7. Protecting zero grazing units by insecticide-impregnated netting -- 4.12.8. Bait methods -- 4.12.9. Olfactory baits (attractants) for tsetse flies -- 4.12.10. Live baits -- 4.12.11. Sterile insect technique -- 4.13. New developments and outlook -- 4.14. References -- 5.1. Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: clinical signs and symptoms -- 5.1.1. Lymphadenopathy -- 5.1.2. Fever -- 5.1.3. Headache -- 5.1.4. Pruritus -- 5.1.5. Musculoskeletal pain, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly -- 5.1.6. Cardiac involvement -- 5.1.7. Gastrointestinal symptoms -- 5.1.8. Oedema -- 5.1.9. Sleep disorder -- 5.1.10. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs -- 5.1.11. Endocrine disorders -- 5.2. Rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis: clinical signs and symptoms -- 5.3. Specific groups -- 5.3.1. Children -- 5.3.2. HIV-coinfected patients

5.3.3. Human African trypanosomiasis in nonendemic countries -- 5.4. Sequelae -- 5.5. References -- 6.1. Diagnosis of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 6.1.1. Antibody detection -- 6.1.2. Parasite detection -- 6.1.3. Molecular detection -- 6.2. Diagnosis of rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 6.2.1. Antibody detection -- 6.2.2. Parasite detection -- 6.2.3. Molecular detection -- 6.3. Disease stage determination -- 6.3.1. White blood cell count -- 6.3.2. Parasite detection in cerebrospinal fluid -- 6.3.3. Other staging markers -- 6.3.4. Molecular tests -- 6.4. Treatment outcome assessment -- 6.5. Quality control of diagnostic testing -- 6.6. New developments and outlook -- 6.7. References -- 7.1. Pharmacology of drugs for treatment of first-stage human African trypanosomiasis -- 7.1.1. Pentamidine -- 7.1.2. Suramin -- 7.2. Pharmacology of drugs for treatment of second-stage human African trypanosomiasis -- 7.2.1. Melarsoprol -- 7.2.2. Eflornithine -- 7.2.3. Nifurtimox

7.3. First-line treatment -- 7.3.1. First-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: pentamidine -- 7.3.2. First-stage rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis: suramin -- 7.3.3. Second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy -- 7.3.4. Second-stage rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis: melarsoprol -- 7.4. Alternative treatments for second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 7.4.1. Eflornithine monotherapy -- 7.4.2. Melarsoprol -- 7.5. Treatment in pregnancy -- 7.6. New developments and outlook -- 7.6.1. Preclinical and clinical developments -- 7.6.2. Research on other compounds -- 7.7. References -- 8.1. Detection of cases of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 8.1.1. Active case detection -- 8.1.2. Passive case detection -- 8.1.3. Management of parasitologically unconfirmed seropositive cases -- 8.2. Detection of cases of rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 8.2.1. Active case detection -- 8.2.2. Passive case detection

8.3. Control of animal reservoirs -- 8.3.1. Control in the domestic livestock reservoir -- 8.3.2. Control in the wildlife reservoir -- 8.4. Vector control -- 8.4.1. Methods -- 8.4.2. Traps and screens -- 8.4.3. Insecticide-treated cattle for control of rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 8.4.4. Implementation of vector control -- 8.5. Elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 8.5.1. Rationale -- 8.5.2. Concept of elimination, indicators and benchmarks -- 8.5.3. Strategies for elimination -- 8.5.4. Challenges -- 8.6. Elimination of rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis -- 8.7. References -- Annex 1 Wild animal species documented as serving as hosts for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense -- Annex 2 Distribution of human African trypanosomiasis in West Africa -- Annex 3 Distribution of human African trypanosomiasis in Central Africa -- Annex 4 Distribution of human African trypanosomiasis in East and south-eastern Africa -- Annex 5 Cryostabilization -- Annex 6 Trap types used to capture various species of tsetse fly

Annex 7 Protocol for storing blood samples on filter paper discs -- Annex 8 Storage of blood samples in AS1 buffer -- Annex 9 Preparation of guanidine hydrochloride-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer -- Annex 10 Protocol for storage of blood samples in guanidine hydrochloride-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer -- Annex 11 Example of a field algorithm for diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection -- Annex 12 Strategy for the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in foci with high or moderate transmission (annual incidence > 1 case per 10 000 inhabitants in previous 5 years) -- Annex 13 Strategy for the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in foci with low transmission (annual incidence > 1 case per 1 000 000 and < 1 case per 10 000 inhabitants in previous 5 years).

"This report provides information about new diagnostic approaches, new therapeutic regimens and better understanding of the distribution of the disease with high-quality mapping. The roles of human and animal reservoirs and the tsetse fly vectors that transmit the parasites are emphasized. The new information has formed the basis for an integrated strategy with which it is hoped that elimination of gambiense HAT will be achieved. The report also contains recommendations on the approaches that will lead to elimination of the disease"--Back cover